Kramers escape driven by fractional Brownian motion

We investigate the Kramers escape from a potential well of a test particle driven by fractional Gaussian noise with Hurst exponent 0<H<1. From a numerical analysis we demonstrate the exponential distribution of escape times from the well and analyze in detail the dependence of the mean escape time as function of H and the particle diffusivity D. We observe different behavior for the subdiffusive (antipersistent) and superdiffusive (persistent) domains. In particular we find that the escape becomes increasingly faster for decreasing values of H, consistent with previous findings on the first passage behavior. Approximate analytical calculations are shown to support the numerically observed dependencies.Comment: 14 pages, 16 figures, RevTeX

Effective microwave-assisted approach to 1,2,3-triazolobenzodiazepinones via tandem Ugi reaction/catalyst-free intramolecular azide–alkyne cycloaddition

A novel catalyst-free synthetic approach to 1,2,3-triazolobenzodiazepinones has been developed and optimized. The Ugi reaction of 2-azidobenzaldehyde, various amines, isocyanides, and acids followed by microwave-assisted intramolecular azide–alkyne cycloaddition (IAAC) gave a series of target heterocyclic compounds in moderate to excellent yields. Surprisingly, the normally required ruthenium-based catalysts were found to not affect the IAAC, only making isolation of the target compounds harder while the microwave-assisted catalyst-free conditions were effective for both terminal and non-terminal alkyne

Определение фазовой стабильности люминесцентных материалов на основе твердых растворов оксиортосиликатов (Lu1−xLnx)[(SiO4)0.5O0.5], где Ln = La–Yb

Objectives. This study aimed to predict the limits of substitution and stability of luminescent materials based on low-temperature modifications of solid solutions (spatial group P21/c) with lutetium oxyorthosilicates (Lu1−xLnx)[(SiO4)0.5O0.5], where Ln represents the rare-earth elements (REEs) of the La–Yb series.Methods. The V.S. Urusov’s crystal energy theory of isomorphous substitutions and a crystallochemical approach in the regular solid solution approximation were used to calculate the energies of the mixing (interaction parameters) of the solid solutions.Results. Using the V.S. Urusov’s theory, we calculated the energies of mixing (interaction parameters) in the systems under study. The dependences of the decomposition temperatures of solid solutions on the REE number and composition (x) were obtained and used to create a diagram of the thermodynamic stability of the solid solutions, allowing us to predict the substitution limits depending on the temperature or determine the decomposition temperature using the given substitution limits.Conclusions. The results of the study can be useful when choosing the ratio of components in matrices (host materials) and the amount of the activator (dopant) in the new luminescent, laser, and other materials based on low-temperature modifications of solid solutions of “mixed” REE oxyorthosilicates (Lu1−xLnx)[(SiO4)0.5O0.5].Цели. Целью работы явилось прогнозирование пределов замещения и стабильности люминесцентных материалов на основе низкотемпературных модификаций твердых растворов (пространственная группа Р21/с) на основе оксиортосиликата лютеция (Lu1−xLnx)[(SiO4)0.5O0.5], где Ln – редкоземельный элемент серии La–Yb.Методы. Для расчета энергий смешения (параметров взаимодействия) для твердых растворов была использована теория изоморфной смесимости В.С. Урусова и кристаллохимический подход в приближении регулярного твердого раствора.Результаты. Получены зависимости температур распада твердых растворов от порядкового номера редкоземельных элементов и состава, которые использованы для построения диаграмм термодинамической устойчивости твердых растворов, что позволило прогнозировать пределы замещения в зависимости от температуры или определять температуру распада на основе заданных пределов замещения.Выводы. Результаты исследования могут быть полезны при выборе соотношения компонентов в матрице («хозяине») и количества активатора (допанта) в новых люминесцентных, лазерных и других материалах на основе низкотемпературных модификаций твердых растворов «смешанных» оксиортосиликатов редкоземельных элементов (Lu1−xLnx)[(SiO4)0.5O0.5]

2D-BN nanoparticles as a spectroscopic marker and drug delivery system with protection properties

An application of 2D-BN nanoparticles as a spectroscopic marker, weak luminescent marker and anticancer drug (doxorubicin, DOX) delivery system with protection properties was studied for the LNCaP strains of cancer cells using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy for analysing the cancer cells, cells with BN, the cancer cells with DOX, and the cancer cells with BN nanoparticles loaded by DOX. Study of IR absorption and Raman spectra of the LNCaP strains of cancer cells incubated with 2D-BN nanoparticles for 1 hour showed that the 2D-BN nanoparticles could pass through the cell membrane and localize inside the membrane or close to the membrane in the cytoplasm of the cells. We registered the spectra of the disturbed lipids during the DOX-2D-BN passing through the membrane. After incubation for 2 hours and more, spectral changes in other structural components of the cell (nuclei, cytoplasm, mitochondria) can be registered. Confocal microscopy showed that a gold nanostructured support enhances the fluorescence of the cancer cells with 2D-BN as well as that with DOX, however the double action of 2D-BN and DOX on the cancer cells aggravates the emission property of the studied system. An MTT test showed that the toxicity of DOX on the 2D-BN nanoparticles is less than that on the reference cells, and at the same time the efficiency of the DOX action on the cancer cells does not change

Энергетические показатели параллельного импульсного квазирезонансного преобразователя с расширенным диапазоном регулирования для источников питания радиоэлектронной аппаратуры

В даній статті розглянуті питання поліпшення енергетичних показників підвищуючого квазірезонансного імпульсного перетворювача з паралельним резонансним контуром, який перемикається при нульовому струмі (КРІП-ПНС) та розширення діапазону регулювання його вихідної напруги. Діапазон регулювання вихідної напруги запропоновано розширити за рахунок придушення паразитних коливань шляхом підключення додаткового діода. Крім того, в статті приведена порівняльна оцінка енергетичних втрат у транзисторних ключах паралельного КРІП-ПНС та імпульсного перетворювача (ІП) з широтно-імпульсною модуляцією (ШІМ) у широкому діапазоні робочих частот.This article describes the issues of energy indicators improvement for the boost quasi-resonant pulse converter with a parallel resonant circuit that switches at zero current (QRPC-ZCS) and the extension of its output voltage control range. It is proposed to extend the output voltage control range of the converter by suppressing the parasitic oscillation using connection of additional diode. Moreover, the article provides a comparative assessment of the energy losses in transistor switches of the parallel QRPC-ZCS and pulse converter (PC) with pulse-width modulation (PWM) in a wide range of operating frequencies.В данной статье рассмотрены вопросы улучшения энергетических показателей повышающего квазирезонансного импульсного преобразователя с параллельным резонансным контуром, переключающегося при нулевом токе (КРИП-ПНТ) и расширение диапазона регулирования его выходного напряжения. Диапазон регулирования выходного напряжения предложено расширить за счет подавления паразитных колебаний путем подключения дополнительного диода. Кроме того, в статье приведена сравнительная оценка энергетических потерь в транзисторных ключах параллельного КРИП-ПНТ и импульсного преобразователя (ИП) с широтно-импульсной модуляцией (ШИМ) в широком диапазоне рабочих частот

Geometric De-noising of Protein-Protein Interaction Networks

Understanding complex networks of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is one of the foremost challenges of the post-genomic era. Due to the recent advances in experimental bio-technology, including yeast-2-hybrid (Y2H), tandem affinity purification (TAP) and other high-throughput methods for protein-protein interaction (PPI) detection, huge amounts of PPI network data are becoming available. Of major concern, however, are the levels of noise and incompleteness. For example, for Y2H screens, it is thought that the false positive rate could be as high as 64%, and the false negative rate may range from 43% to 71%. TAP experiments are believed to have comparable levels of noise

Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis